What is Magento 2 architecture and components?

Magento 2 Architecture and Components

According to the official documentation, Magento 2 is divided into four distinct layers, each playing a crucial role in delivering a seamless eCommerce experience. Lets have a closer look at Magento 2 architecture its each layer and components:

1. The Presentation Layer

• Role

Envision the stage where your e-commerce performance unfolds—product pages, checkout interfaces, and promotional banners.

•  Components

Templates and layouts craft the visual narrative, while Blocks function as the backstage crew, fetching data and assembling the elements.

• Elegance

This layer is dedicated to the user interface—the dazzling spectacle through which customers engage with your store.

2. The Service Layer

• Role

Positioned strategically between presentation and business logic, it orchestrates core functionalities.

• Conductor

APIs (both REST and SOAP) serve as conduits, facilitating data exchange and system integration.

• Essential Force

This layer ensures the harmonious operation of the platform, enabling seamless interactions and data flow.

3. The Domain Layer

• Role

The intellectual nucleus of the platform—where business rules, pricing models, and inventory management reside.

• Intellectual Hub

It is concerned with abstracting business processes and logic, distinct from direct database interactions.

• Strategic Execution

This layer governs the decision-making processes and operational efficiency of your store.

4. The Persistence Layer

• Role

The foundation where the platform’s data—such as product details, customer records, and order histories—is meticulously stored.

•  Information Repository

Utilizing databases like MySQL and Elasticsearch, it ensures data is securely managed and readily accessible.

• Data Vault

This layer is crucial for data retrieval and consistency, akin to unlocking a treasure trove of information.

Key Components

1. Modules

Fundamental units of functionality located in "app/code", each handling specific features.

2. Themes

Define the store’s visual identity with templates and styles, organized in "app/design/frontend" and "app/design/adminhtml".

3. Libraries

External packages, such as Zend Framework and Symfony, enhance the platform’s capabilities.

4. APIs

Enable integration with third-party systems via REST and SOAP interfaces.

5. Dependency Injection (DI)

Manages dependencies through "di.xml", promoting flexibility and testability.

6. Event-Observer Pattern               

Executes custom logic in response to system events.

7. Plugins

Modify class behavior without altering the original code, using “before”, “after”, and “around” methods.

8. MVC Architecture

 This separates concerns into 3 sections like Model (data), View (presentation), and Controller (logic).

9. Command Line Interface (CLI)

Handles tasks like cache management and module configuration with "bin/magento".

10. Cache Management

Improves performance with caching mechanisms and storage solutions (file system, Redis, Varnish).

11. Indexing

Optimizes data retrieval for faster performance.

In essence, Magento 2’s architecture is a well-organized blend of layers and components that work together to create a powerful and smooth eCommerce experience.

Additional Resources

• Magento Documentation